The Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Two principle models that are utilized to figure out which acts are wrongdoings by society are the agreement model and the contention model (Farmer 2008). As indicated by the previous, criminal conduct is any demonstration that is in struggle with the convictions and estimations of the entire society. This model holds the supposition that as differing as individuals and networks may be, they can have comparative ethics. On its part, the contention model holds that criminal law is controlled by those individuals who hold social, political, and financial force inside a given network. One of the hypotheses that apply to wrongdoing is the objective decision hypothesis. Likewise called the choice hypothesis, this hypothesis recommends that people carry out wrongdoings since they serve the interests of the entertainers or rather carry more advantage instead of damage to them. This hypothesis depends on the supposition that the criminal carries out wrongdoing since they experience a requirement in decision. In this regard, the hypothesis contends that to deflect wrongdoing adequately, the expense of wrongdoing ought to be set so high that each sensible individual will disregard it. The Government Structure As It Applies To the Criminal Justice System The criminal equity framework contains an assortment of nearby, state and government (open) organizations that are devoted to managing wrongdoing (Randolph, 2005). By and large, the choice of one office influences the choices of different offices in issues identified with wrongdoing.

Lectures review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Talks survey - Essay Example In addition, it has likewise been gained from the examination that brands are sorted into various classes including individual brands, cool brands, kids marking, country brands and super brands among others. In such manner, as per brand directors, the brand is in excess of an element which makes certain measure of mindfulness, unmistakable quality and notoriety in the market. Brands assume a significant job in the purchaser life. Through the brands, clients can undoubtedly think about the items which they can buy. In addition, brands help the clients to diminish search cost alongside helping them to recognize the quality. Likewise, brands are a lot of a significant factor for the associations. It encourages the organizations to impact the clients and to produce the ideal degree of income. In today’s situation, brand has developed as the key term for any association. In this world, everything can be marked and marking is useful for the organization to dwell in the psyches of th e clients. In the current situation, from brew to vacuum cleaners everything can be marked and one of the top marked items is Coca-Cola in the present day setting (Slade, 2013). In addition, from the related investigation it is seen that as indicated by American Marketing Association, brands and brand the board is an unmistakable image that can separate starting with one organisation’s item then onto the next. The fundamental standard of brand the executives is to perceive solid purchaser mindfulness about the brand. In addition, brands are emotive to represent a guarantee and produce the uniqueness of thought. Additionally, brand is made particular by its situating, comparative with the opposition and manufactures its character through its pictures (Slade, 2013). It is additionally seen from the investigation that the thought of brand situating means the control of each component of the showcasing blend to the sectioned crowd. In such manner, character marking is the one of a kind blend of practical properties and qualities which encourages the intended interest group to distinguish a company’s systems. In this situation, it has been discovered that brand picture is the general impression and the extraordinary arrangement of affiliations conveyed to people in general. In addition, brand mindfulness alludes to the consumer’s capacity to perceive the brand under various conditions. Brand situating encourages to section the market according to the consumers’ needs and needs. With the guide of a key spotlight on brand situating and mindfulness, in the worldwide field McDonald’s, Davis Milling Co and Leo Burnett among others have developed to be viewed as top brands in the current day setting. Besides, a couple of the associations follow certain key impacts of the brand situating and character. Brand situating encourages these associations to recognize the contending items and traits that characterize the item space. Brand situat ing additionally assists with gathering data from an example of clients about their view of every one of the items in regards to certain applicable traits. It is likewise discovered that brand character follows the five-scale-factor. These elements incorporate genuine, energizing, equipped, advanced and tough. In brand character scale, earnest connotes the brand that is practical, legit, healthy and bright about its clients and makers, for instance, Kodak and Hyundai. Besides, the energizing scale implies that the

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 35

â€Å"Nevertheless† †Damon's eyes took on a steely gleam †â€Å"without the special necklace my collaborator and I won't perform.† â€Å"But †with it you will? I state, are you saying that you lost your talisman here?† â€Å"As a self evident reality, yes. Just around the time the gathering plans were being set up.† Damon flashed a delightful, frequenting grin at the youthful vampires and afterward turned it off unexpectedly. â€Å"I had no clue I would have your assistance, and I was attempting to figure out how to get a greeting. So I investigated perceive how the spot would be laid out.† â€Å"Don't reveal to me it was before the grass was rolled,† somebody said worriedly. â€Å"Unfortunately, yes. What's more, I was given a mystic message, which revealed to me that the k †the special necklace is covered some place here.† There was an ensemble of moans from the group. At that point there were singular voices raised, bringing up the troubles: the stone hardness of the moved grass, the numerous dance halls with their numerous decorative layouts in soil, the kitchen nursery and bloom gardens (which we haven't seen at this point, Elena thought.) â€Å"I understand the virtual inconceivability of discovering this,† Damon stated, taking the half of the fox key go into his hand and causing it to vanish conveniently by passing it close to Elena's hand, which was prepared to get it. She currently had an exceptional spot for it †Lady Ulma had seen to that. Damon was stating, â€Å"That is the reason I just said no toward the start. Be that as it may, you squeezed me, and now I've given you the full answer.† There was some all the more protesting, yet then individuals started exiting in ones and twos and threes, discussing the best places to begin looking. Damon, they will wreck Bloddeuwedd's grounds, Elena fought quietly. Great. We'll offer all the gems you three young ladies have on you, just as all the gold I have on me, as a reward. In any case, what four individuals can't do, possibly a thousand can. Elena murmured. I despite everything wish we'd got the opportunity to converse with Bloddeuwedd. To hear her talk, however to pose her a few inquiries. I mean what reason would a lovely bloom like her need to secure Shinichi and Misao? Damon's clairvoyant answer was brief. All things considered, how about we attempt the top rooms, at that point. That was the place she was going, at any rate. They found an instance of gem steps †very hard to find when all the dividers were straightforward, and startling to rise. Once on the second floor they searched for another. In the end Elena discovered it, by bumbling over the initial step. â€Å"Oh,† she stated, looking from the progression, which presently showed itself through a line of red over its front edge, to her shin, which indicated a similar harm. â€Å"Well, it might be imperceptible, yet we aren't.† â€Å"It's not exactly invisible.† Damon was diverting Power to his eyes, she knew. She'd been doing likewise †however nowadays she pondered which of them had a greater amount of her blood in them: that person? â€Å"Don't strain yourself, I can see the steps,† he said. â€Å"Just shut your eyes.† â€Å"My eyes †† Before she could inquire as to why she knew why and before she could shout he had gotten her, his body warm and strong and the main strong thing anyplace around. He headed up the steps holding her with the goal that her dress was off the beaten path of the blood beads that fell openly into space. For somebody terrified of statures, it was a wild, startling ride: despite the fact that she realized Damon was in top condition and would not drop her and despite the fact that she was sure he could see where he was going. In any case, left to herself and her own volition, she could never have made it more remote than the primary step. As it seemed to be, she didn't set out squirm much in the event that she startled Damon. She could just cry and attempt to persevere. At the point when, an unfathomable length of time later, they arrived at the top, Elena pondered who might convey her down, or in the event that she would be left here an amazing remainder. They were gone up against by Bloddeuwedd, the most enchantingly brutal animal Elena had at this point seen. Enchanting†¦but odd. Was there not a slight primrose example to her hair in back and on the sides? Wasn't her face really the state of an apple-bloom petal just as having the petal's black out blossom? â€Å"You are in my private library,† she said. Also, as though a mirror had split, Elena came liberated from the remainder of Bloddeuwedd's marvelousness. The divine beings had made her out of flowers†¦but blossoms don't talk. Bloddeuwedd's voice was toneless and level. It destroyed the picture of the blossom made young lady totally. â€Å"We're sorry,† Damon said †normally not in any way exhausted. â€Å"But we'd prefer to ask you some questions.† â€Å"If you figure I will support you, I will not,† the blossom petal young lady said in a similar nasal tone. â€Å"I despise humans.† â€Å"But I am a vampire, as you have most likely as of now discerned,† Damon was starting, laying the appeal on thick, when Bloddeuwedd interfered with him. â€Å"Once a human, constantly a human.† â€Å"I ask your pardon?† Damon's loss of control may have been the best thing that could have occurred, Elena thought, attempting to keep behind him. He was so obviously true about his disdain for people that Bloddeuwedd mollified a bit. â€Å"What did you come to ask?† â€Å"Only on the off chance that you had seen one of two kitsune of late: they're sibling and sister and call themselves Shinichi and Misao.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Or they may †I'm heartbroken? Yes?† â€Å"The criminals went to my home around evening time. I was at a gathering. I flew once more from the gathering and nearly got them. Kitsune are difficult to get, though.† â€Å"Where†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon gulped. â€Å"Where were they?† â€Å"Running down the front stairs.† â€Å"And do you recall the date that they were here?† â€Å"It was the night that the grounds were prepared for this gathering. Stone rollers went over the grass. The overhang was erected.† Bizarre activities around evening time, Elena thought, however then she recalled †once more. The light was consistently the equivalent. Be that as it may, her heart was pulsating quick. Shinichi and Misao could just have been here for one explanation: to drop off portion of the fox key. What's more, perhaps drop it in the Great Ballroom, Elena thought. She observed slowly as the whole outside of the library turned, practically like a goliath planetarium, so that Bloddeuwedd could select a globe and spot it in some contraption that must make the music play in different rooms. â€Å"Excuse me,† Damon said. â€Å"This is my private library,† Bloddeuwedd said briskly against the expanding of the heavenly closure of the Firebird Suite. â€Å"Meaning now we should leave?† â€Å"Meaning now I am going to slaughter you.†

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Cinema Of The Philippines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4880 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Art Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The Philippine cinema is the youngest of the Philippine arts, and still is considered as one of the popular forms of entertainment among the Filipinos. It directly employs some 260,000 Filipinos and generates around PHP 1. 5 billion revenues annually. [1] Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 History 2. 1 Origins 2. 2 American period 2. 3 World War II and Japanese occupation 2. 4 1950s 2. 5 1960s 2. 6 1970s to early 1980s 2. 7 Contemporary period 2. 7. 1 Late 1980s to 1990s 2. 7. 2 2000 and beyond 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Overview The advent of cinema in the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897, when a Spanish theater owner named Francisco Pertierra screened imported moving pictures and showed them at No. 12 Escolta, Manila. The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovering film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from the popular theat er shows and familiar local literature. Nationalistic films were also quite popular, although they were labeled as being too subversive. The 1940s and the war brought to the Philippine cinema the consciousness of reality. Movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism had proven to be a huge hit among local audience. The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,[2][3] with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. Award-giving bodies were first instituted during this period. When the decade was drawing to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts, and by the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was already on a decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism, fan movies, soft porn films, action flicks, and western spin-offs. The 1970s and 1980s were considered as turbulent years of the industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period now dealt with more serious topics following the Martial Law era. In addition, action and sex films developed further introducing more explicit pictures. These years also brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of massacre movies, teen-oriented romatic comedies, as well as anatomy-baring adult films, although slapsticks still draw a large audience. Genres of previous decades had been recycled with almost the same stories, and love teams, which had been popular in the past, had become reincarnated. [3] The Philippines, being one of Asias earliest film industry, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Southeast Asia. Over the years, however, th e film industry has registered a steady decline in the movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. [4][5] From a high of 200 films a year during the 1980s, the countrys film industry was down to making a total of new 56 films in 2006 and around 30 in 2007. [4][5] Although the industry has undergone turbulent times, the 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology, and a number of films have once again earned international recognition and prestige. [edit]History [edit]Origins Life in the Philippines Culture Cuisine Dance Demographics Economy Education Higher education Film Holidays Languages Literature Martial arts Music Politics Religion Sports Tourism Transport v †¢ d †¢ e On January 1, 1897, the first four movies namely, Un Homme Au Chapeau (Man with a Hat), Une scene de danse Japonaise (Scene from a Japanese Dance), Les Boxers (The Boxers), and La Place de L Opera (The Place L Opera), were shown via 60 mm Gaumont Chrono-photograph projector at the Salon de Pertierra at No. 12 Escolta in Manila. The venue was formerly known as the Phonograph Parlor on the ground floor of the Casino Espanol at Calle Perez, off the Escolta. Other countries, such as France, England, and Germany had their claims to the introduction of publicly projected motion picture in the Philippines, although Petierra was given the credit to this by most historians and critics. [6] Antonio Ramos, a Spanish soldier from Aragon, was able to import a Lumiere Cinematograph from Paris, including 30 film titles, out of his savings and the financial banking of two Swiss entrepreneurs, Liebman and Peritz. By August 1897, Liebman and Peritz presented the first movies on the Lumiere Cinematograph in Manila. The cinema was set up at Escolta, corner San Jacinto, the hall formerly occupied by the Ullman Jewelry shop. A test preview was presented to a limited number of guests on August 28. The inaugural show was presen ted to the general public the next day, August 29, 1897. [6]. Documentary films showing recent events as well as natural calamities in Europe were shown in Manila. [3] During the first three weeks, Ramos had a selection of ten different films to show, but by the fourth week, he was forced to shuffle the 30 films in various combinations to produce new programs. These were four viewing sessions, every hour on the hour, from 6:00 P. M. to 10:00 P. M. After three months, attendance began to slacken for failure to show any new feature. They transferred the viewing hall to a warehouse in Plaza Goiti and reduced the admission fees. By the end of November, the movie hall closed down. [6] In order to attract patronage, using the Lumiere as a camera, Ramos locally filmed Panorama de Manila (Manila landscape), Fiesta de Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta), Puente de Espana (Bridge of Spain), and Escenas Callejeras (Street scenes), in 1898. Aside from Ramos, there were other foreigners who left documenta ry evidences of their visits to the Philippines. Burton Holmes, father of the Travelogue, who made the first of several visits in 1899, made the Battle of Baliwag; Kimwood Peters shot the Banawe Rice Terraces; and, Raymond Ackerman of American Biography and Mutoscope filmed Filipino Cockfight and the Battle of Mt. Arayat. [6] [edit]American period Film showing in the Philippines resumed in 1900 when a British entrepreneur named Walgrah opened the Cine Walgrah at No. 60 Calle Santa Rosa in Intramuros. The second movie house was opened in 1902 by a Spanish entrepreneur, Samuel Rebarber, who called his building, Gran Cinematografo Parisien, located at No. 0 Calle Crespo in Quiapo. In 1903, Jose Jimenez, a stage backdrop painter, set up the first Filipino-owned movie theater, the Cinematograpo Rizal in Azcarraga street, in front of Tutuban Train Station. [6] In the same year, a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of silent movies and American colon ialism. [3] The silent films were always accompanied by gramophone, a piano, or a quartet, or when Caviria was shown at the Manila Grand Opera House, a 200 man choir. 6] In 1905, Herbert Wyndham, shot scenes at the Manila Fire Department; Albert Yearsly shot the Rizal Day Celebration in Luneta 1909; in 1910, the Manila Carnival; in 1911, the Eruption of Mayon Volcano; the first Airplane Flight Over Manila by Bud Mars and the Fires of Tondo, Pandacan and Paco; and, in 1912, the Departure of the Igorots to Barcelona and the Typhoon in Cebu. [6] These novelty films, however, did not capture the hearts of the audience because they were about the foreigners. 3] The Philippine Commission recognized early the potential of cinema as a tool of communication and information, so that in 1909, the Bureau of Science bought a complete filmmaking unit and laboratory from Pathe, and sent its chief photographer, the American, Charles Martin, to France to train for a year. When Martin completed his t raining, he resolved to document, in motion pictures, the varied aspects of the Philippines. In 1910, the first picture with sound reached Manila, using the Chronophone. A British film crew also visited the Philippines, and filmed, among other scenes, the Pagsanjan Falls (Oriental) in 1911 in kinemakolor. 6] In 1912, New York and Hollywood film companies started to establish their own agencies in Manila to distribute films. [6] In the same year, two American entrepreneurs made a film about the execution of Jose Rizal, and aroused a strong curiosity among Filipino moviegoers. This led to the making of the first Filipino film. [3] By 1914, the US colonial government was already using films as a vehicle for information, education, propaganda and entertainment. The Bureau of Science tackled subjects designed to present an accurate picture of the Philippines before the American public, particularly the US Congress. By 1915, the best European and American films were shown in Philippine theaters. When World War I (1914–1918) choked off the production of European studios, Manila theater managers turned to US for new film products. With the variety they offered, American films quickly dominated the Philippine film market. [6] The first film produced by a Filipino is Samuel llagass Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) in 1919. This film was based on a highly-acclaimed musical play by Hemogenes Ilagan and Pollux . [3] Pre-war films were produced by wealthy Spaniards, American businessmen, and Filipino landlords and politicians. Early filmmakers, even with meager capital, followed some of the genres provided by Hollywood movies. The main sources of movie themes during this period were theater pieces from popular dramas or zarzuelas. Another source of movie themes at that time was the Philippine Literature. Ironically, the people who helped the film industry develop and flourish were also the same people who suppressed its artistic expression by inhibiting movie th emes that would establish radical political views among the Filipinos. Instead, love and reconciliation between members of different classes of people were encouraged to become movie themes. 3] In 1929, the Syncopation, the first American sound film, was shown in Radio theater in Plaza Santa Cruz in Manila. [6] By 1930s, a few film artists and producers deviated from the norms and presented sociopolitical movies. Julian Manansala’s film Patria Amore (Beloved Country) was almost suppressed because of its anti-Spanish sentiments. During the same period, the first sound film in Tagalog entitled Ang Aswang, a monster movie inspired by Philippine folklore, was shown. But the film apparently did not turn out to be a completely sound film. 6] Jose Nepomucenos Punyal na Guinto (Golden Dagger), which premiered on March 9, 1933, at the Lyric theater, was credited as the first completely sound movie to all-talking picture in the country. [6] Carmen Concha, the first female director in t he country, also ventured into filmmaking, and she directed Magkaisang Landas and Yaman ng Mahirap in 1939 under Parlatone, and Pangarap in 1940 under LVN. [7] Despite fierce competition with Hollywood movies, the Filipino film industry grew relatively bigger. When the 1930s drew to a close, the Filipino film industry was already well-established and local moviestars acquired a huge fan-base. Some popular movie stars of the pre-war era include: Brian Soria Fernando Royo Ben Rubio Rolando Liwanag Exequiel Segovia Ben Perez Teddy Benavides Manuel Barbeyto Ernesto la Guardia Jaime G. Castellvi Alfonso Carvajal Jose Troni Nardo Vercudia Andres Centenera Fermin Barva Fernando Poe Nati Rubi Etang Discher Patring (Monang) Carvajal Naty Bernardo [edit]World War II and Japanese occupation During the Japanese Occupation, filmmaking was suddenly put to a halt. The Japanese brought with them their own films, but this was not appealing to the local audience. For this reason, Japanese propa ganda offices hired several local filmmakers, including Gerardo de Leon, to make propaganda pictures that extoll Filipino-Japanese friendship. One of these propaganda films was the Dawn of Freedom, which was directed by Abe Yutaka and Gerardo de Leon. [3] It was during this time that the popular comedy duo Pugo and Togo was renamed Tuguing and Puguing. This was because Togo sounded too similar to Tojo, the name of the Prime Minister of Japan during the early 1940s. During World War II, almost all actors depended on stage shows only, mostly on major Manila movie theaters, to provide for their livelihood. Live theater began to thrive again as movie stars, directors and technicians returned to the stage. [edit]1950s Bundles of 35-mm films of several old movies being kept by the Mowelfund at the Movie Museum of the Philippines in Quezon City. After World War II, the Philippine version of a war movie had emerged as a genre. The audience were hungry for films with patriotic themes. Fil ms such as Garrison 13 (1946), Dugo ng Bayan (The Country’s Blood) (1946), Walang Kamatayan (Deathless) (1946), and Guerilyera (1946), narrated the horrors of the war and the heroism of the soldiers and guerillas. 3] The 1950s was the so-called first golden age of Philippine cinema, mainly because at this time, the Big Four studios (LVN Pictures, Sampaguita Pictures, Premiere Productions and Lebran International) were at the height of their powers in filmmaking, having employed master directors like Gerardo de Leon, Eddie Romero and Cesar Gallardo and housing the biggest stars of the industry that day. The Big Four has been also churning out an estimated total of 350 films a year. This number made the Philippines second only to Japan in terms of film productions a year, which made it one of the busiest and bustling film communities in Asia. Nevertheless, Hollywood still has its grips on the Filipino audience mainly because all those 350 films are only shown in two theaters , namely Dalisay and Life theaters in Manila. The premiere directors of the era were (but not limited to): Gerardo de Leon Gregorio Fernandez Eddie Romero Lamberto Avellana Armando Garces Cirio Santiago Cesar Gallardo The biggest stars of the era were (but not limited to): Rogelio de la Rosa Jaime de la Rosa Carmen Rosales Jose Padilla, Jr. Arsenia Francisco Ben Perez Ben Rubio Fred Penalosa Rosa del Rosario Paraluman Oscar Moreno Carlos Salazar Manuel Conde Tony Santos Fred Montilla Oscar Keese Bert Olivar Anita Linda Carol Varga Evelyn Villar Tessie Agana Linda Estrella Alicia Vergel Cesar Ramirez Ruben Rustia Lauro Delgado Eddie Garcia Gloria Romero Nida Blanca Nestor de Villa Luis Gonzales Van de Leon Gil de Leon Mila del Sol Rita Gomez Lolita Rodriguez Charito Solis Rosa Mia Rosa Rosal Delia Razon Eddie del Mar Efren Reyes, Sr. Johnny Reyes Nena Cardenas Chichay Tolindoy Bayani Casimiro Bentot (Cosca) Vicente Liwanay Pugo Tugo Patsy (Pachochay) Lopito Tugak Pugak Billy Surot Vizcarra Chiquito Oscar Obligacion Dely Atayatayan Andoy Balumbalunan Levi Celerio Zaldy Zshornack The Big Four studios produced most of the notable films of Philippine cinema during this era. Roberta (1951) of Sampaguita Pictures, featuring child stars, was a phenomenal success at that time. LVN Pictures, under the leadership of the grandmotherly Dona Sisang de Leon, specialized in superproductions, rural comedies and musicals, but also produced socially-relevant films such as Avellanas Anak Dalita (1956), Tony Santoss Badjao (1957) and Manuel Siloss Biyaya ng Lupa (1959). Sampaguita Pictures mainly produced high-gloss, glamorous pictures such as Maalaala Mo Kaya (1954). On the other hand Premiere Productions released most of the action films of the decade, such as Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (1952), Salabusab (1954) and Huwag Mo Akong Limutin (1960). Due to the high production values of the motion pictures during this era, these movies started to win awards internationally. In 1952, Manuel Condes Genghis Khan became the first Asian film to be shown in the Venice Film Festival and Cannes Film Festival, a feat that would not be defeated until the 1970s. Inspired by Condes picture, Hollywood remade Genghis Khan, with John Wayne as its lead actor. 3][6] In 1956, Anak Dalita copped the Golden Harvest Award (Best Picture) of the prestigious Asia-Pacific Film Festival. In addition, the stars of these productions also won international awards. Lilia Dizon, for example, may have not romped away with the FAMAS Best Actress Award fo the time, but the prince of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk, presented her with the Best Actress Award from the Asia-Pacific Film Festival in 1954. Leroy Salvador was also recognized in his performance as Best Supporting Actor for the film Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay (1953) in the Asia-Pacific Film Festival. During this era, the first award-giving bodies were also established. The first award-giving body, the Maria Clara Awards of the Manila T imes Publishing, Inc, was composed of film publicists and writers who voted for the exemplary achievements of Filipino motion pictures for a certain calendar year. In 1953, the Maria Clara folded up to give way to the establishment of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS), the Philippines answer to the United States Academy Awards. With this, the Philippines set a trend in Asian cinema; FAMAS was the first film industry award-giving body in Asia. FAMAS has awarded its most coveted Best Picture Award to the following films: 1952 Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (Premiere Productions and M. J. Vistan Productions) 1953 Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay (LVN Pictures) 1954 Salabusab (Premiere Productions) 1955 Higit sa Lahat (LVN Pictures) 1956 Luksang Tagumpay (LVN Pictures) 1957 Kalibre . 45 (Premiere Productions) 1958 Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig (Premiere Productions) 1959 Biyaya ng Lupa (LVN Pictures) During this period, Filipinos seen Hollywoods first full length picture in livin g technicolor. Filipino local producers presented too, during this period, their own full length pictures in color in spite of some technical deficiency, and one of which, was Prinsipe Amante (Prince Amante). [6] [edit]1960s Characterized by the so-called bomba pictures, James Bond and western spin-offs. It was also the era of musical films starred by mostly Sampaguita Pictures discoveries. The studio systems came under siege from the growing labor movement, which resulted in labor-management conflicts. The first studio to close was Lebran followed by Premiere Productions. Next came Sampaguita and LVN. The Big Four studios were replaced by new and independent producers like Regal Films, which was established by Lily Monteverde in 1962. The decade also saw the emergence of the youth revolution best represented by the Beatles and the rock and roll. As a result of this, certain movie genres were made to cater to this revolt. Fan movies and teen love team-ups emerged, showing Nora Aunor and Vilma Santos, along with Tirso Cruz III and Edgar Mortiz as their respective screen sweethearts. In addition, movie genres showing disaffection to the status quo during the era were also popular. Action movies with Pinoy cowboys and secret agents as the movers of the plots depicted a society ravaged by criminality and corruption. [3] Another kind of youth revolt, implying rejection of adult corruption, came in the form of movies featuring child stars. At the end of this decade, another movie genre that embodied a different form of revolt took centerstage. Soft porn movies, more popularly known as bomba films, increasingly became popular, and these films were described as a direct challenge to the conventions, norms and conduct of the society. Even in the period of decline, several Philippine films that stood out. These include the following films by Gerardo de Leon: Noli Me Tangere (Touch me Not) in 1961; El Filibusterismo (Subversion) in 1962; Huwag mo Akong Limuti n (Never Forget Me) in 1960; and, Kadenang Putik (Chain of Mud) in 1960. During this period, Filipino filmmakers became successful in presenting some full length pictures in living Eastmancolor, one of which was Ito ang Pilipino by J. E. Production. This movie was produced and starred by Joseph Estrada himself. 6] [edit]1970s to early 1980s Touted as the second golden age of Philippine cinema, this was the period of the avant-garde filmmakers. At the turn of the 70s, local producers and filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. [3][6] The promotional poster of the movie, Kapantay Ay Langit, which won three awards in the 1971 Manila Film Festival, including Best Movie Theme Song for George Cansecos originalcomposition of the same title. In 1972, the Philippines was placed under the martial rule, and films were used as propagandastic vehicles. Marcos and his technocrats sought to regulate filmmaking through the creation of the Board of Censors for Motion Pictures (B CMP). Prior to the start of filming, a finished script was required to be submitted to the Board and incorporate the ideology of the New Society such as, a new sense of discipline, uprightness and love of country. Annual festivals was revived during this period, and bomba films as well as political movies critical of the Marcos administration were banned. [3] In spite of the censorship, the exploitation of sex and violence onscreen continued to assert itself. Under martial law, action films usually append to the ending an epilogue claiming that the social realities depicted had been wiped out with the establishment of the New Society. The notorious genre of sex or bomba films that appeared in the preceding decade was still around although it merely showed female stars swimming in their underwear, taking a bath in their chemise, or being chased and raped in a river, sea, or under a waterfall. Such movies were called the wet look. One uch movie was the talked-about Ang Pinakamagan dang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa (The Most Beautiful Animal on the Face of the Earth) in 1974 starring former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz. [3] In spite of the presence of censorship, this period paved way to the ascendancy of a new breed of directors. Some of the notable films during this era are as follows: Lino Brocka Tubog sa Ginto (1970) Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang (1974) Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (1975) Insiang (1976) Ishmael Bernal Pagdating sa Dulo (1971) Manila by Night (1980) Himala (1982) Mike de Leon Itim (1976) Sister Stella L (1984) Peque Gallaga Oro, Plata, Mata (1982) In 1977, an unknown Filipino filmmaker going by the name of Kidlat Tahimik made a film entitled Mababangong Bangungot (Perfumed Nightmare), which won the International Critic’s Prize in the Berlin Film Festival that same year. Out of short film festivals sponsored by the University of the Philippines Film Center and by the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, young filmmakers joined Kidlat Tah imik by distancing themselves from the traditions of mainstream cinema. Nick De ocampo’s Oliver (1983) and Raymond Red’s Ang Magpakailanman (The Eternal, 1983) have received attention in festivals abroad. In 1981, as mandated by Executive Order No. 640-A, the Film Academy of the Philippines was enacted, serving as the umbrella organization that oversees the welfare of various guilds of the movie industry and gives recognition of the artistic and technical excellence of the performances of its workers and artists. [8] Also, that same year, Viva Films began producing movies. During the closing years of martial rule, a number of films defiant of the Marcos dictatorship were made. Films such as Marilou Diaz-Abaya’s Karnal depicted this defiance in an implicit way in the ilm’s plot, wherein patricide ends a tyrannical father’s domination. In the same year, Mike de Leon’s Sister Stella L. was shown on the bigscreen, and it was about oppression and tyranny. In 1985, Lino Brocka’s Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knife’s Edge) depicted images of torture, incarceration, struggle and oppression. [3] During this times, the Philippines ranked among the top 10 film-producing countries in the world, with an annual output of more than 300 movies. [9] [edit]Contemporary period The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the Philippine movie industry. 10] Most Hollywood films had been dominating mainstream cinema even more,[5] and fewer than a twenty quality local films were being produced and shown yearly. [2][10] Many producers and production houses later stopped producing films after losing millions of pesos,[5] while two television stations steered towards the world of filmmaking. At the turn of the 21st century, a new sense of excitement and trend enveloped the industry by the coming of digital and experimental cinema, as well as the resurfacing of independent filmmaking. [edit]Late 1980s to 1990s At the beginning of this period, and even in the latter part of the preceding times, most Filipino films were mass-produced and sacrificed quality for commercial success. Storylines were said to be unimaginative and predictable, comedy was slapstick, and the acting was either mediocre or overly dramatic. Producers were antipathetic to new ideas, or risk-taking. Instead, they resorted to formulas that worked well in the past that cater to the standards and tastes of the masses. [2][9] Teen-oriented films, massacre movies, and soft pornographic pictures composed a majority of the genre produced. 3] Aside from fiercer competition with Hollywood films,[5] the Asian Financial Crisis, escalating cost of film production, exorbitant taxes, arbitrary and too much film censorship, high-tech film piracy,[11] and rise of cable television further contributed for the trimming down of production costs of film outfits that resulted to falling box-office receipts of domestic films, and the eventual precarious state of the local film industry. [12] In 1993, a television station ventured into movie production. ABS-CBNs Star Cinema produced Ronquillo: Tubong Cavite, Laking Tondo in cooperation with Regal Films. Five years later, another television tation, GMA Network, started producing movies. GMA Films released the critically-acclaimed Sa Pusod ng Dagat, Jose Rizal, and Muro Ami, which attained commercial success. [13] [edit]2000 and beyond Hailed as the fist real new wave of digital cinema, this decade saw the introduction of locally-produced animated features and the proliferation of digital films by independent filmmakers with international reach and caliber. [14][15][16][17][18] While formulaic romantic comedies have comprised majority of mainstream releases, independent filmmakers spur a renewed interest in Filipino movies with mostly digital films. Signs of rebirth of the Philippine cinema arose by way of films with themes about transformation. In 2002, Gil Po rtes released Mga Munting Tinig (Small Voices), a subdued film about a teacher who inspires her students to follow their dreams; the movie also made suggestions to improve the country’s education system. A year later, Mark Meily’s comedy Crying Ladies, about three Filipinas working as professional mourners in Manila’s Chinatown but looking for other ways to make money, became a huge hit. Also that same year, Maryo J. de los Reyes made a buzz at various film festivals with Magnifico, a simple film with universal appeal about a boy who tries to help his family survive their hardships. [9] DUDA (DOUBT) is an example of how a man driven by an idea for a film can succeed against all odds at creating a significant statement. Writer/Director Crisaldo Pablo used a cast of friends with some professionals and with the use of a Sony VX made the first full-length digital film ever shot in the Philippines. Comments by Cris Pablo and some of the actors are in a making o f feature on the DVD demonstrate how much dedication to a vision played in this brave little movie. [19]In 2006 and 2007, Filipino filmmakers began making digital movies. [20] Donsol, by director Adolf Alix, made waves with his debut digital film (which included underwater cinematography) set in Donsol, a fishing town that serves as sanctuary to rare white whale sharks. Other talents of note include Jeffrey Jeturian, Auraeus Solito, and Brillante Mendoza’s 2007 Filipino version of Danish Dogme and Italian cinema verite (Slingshot). Lav Diaz is the leading figure in experimental Tagalog films. His works—including excruciatingly long epics about Filipino life (some of which run up to 10 hours)—often test the endurance of viewers. [9] Although Filipino digital films are made in almost no time and with meager budget, they are strongly represented in international film festivals. [21][22] Numerous works of a new breed of filmmakers had their films seen at the pres tigious film festivals in Berlin, Cannes, Venice, Vienna and Rotterdam. 14][23] Several others won prizes and awards in various film festivals around the world. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Among the works include Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (2005) by Auraeus Solito, Kubrador (2006) by Jeffrey Jeturian, Todo Todo Teros (2006) by John Torres, Endo (2007) by Jade Castro, Tribu (2007) by Jim Libiran, just to name a few. In 2007, a Filipino short film entitled Napapanggap (Pretend) by Debbie Formoso, a recent graduate of MFA Master of Film Art at LMU Loyola Marymount University, in Los Angeles, had a successful run in a number of US film festivals. 31] Several other short films,[32][33] including Pedro Joaquin Valdess Bulong (Whisper),[34] as well as documentaries[35] garnered international attention and honors. In 2008, Serbis (Service) became the first Filipino full-length film to compete in the Cannes Film Festival since internationally acclaimed director Lino Brockas Bayan Ko : Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knifes Edge) in 1984. [4][36][37] Another milestone in the Philippine cinema took place that same year as local audience witnessed the first full-length animated film, Urduja, topbilled by Cesar Montano and Regine Velasquez as voices behind the lead characters. The film was done by over 400 Filipino animators, who produced more than 120,000 drawings that will run in 1,922 scenes equivalent to 8,771 feet of film. [38] A few weeks later, the Philippine movie industry took centerstage for the first time in the 6th Edition of the Festival Paris Cinema 2008 in France. About 40 Filipino films were shown at the said filmfest, with Star Cinema’s Caregiver (starring Sharon Cuneta) and Ploning (Judy Ann Santos) as opening films. Filipino actor, Piolo Pascual, was invited by Paris Mayor Delanoe and actress Charlotte Rampling earlier that year to grace the occasion. 39] Before the closing of 2008, another full-length animated film graced th e bigscreen, Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia, which was an entry in the 2008 Metro Manila Film Festival. [40][41] To encourage production of high-quality movies, the Philippine government started giving tax rebates on films. However, only nine of the 150 films produced from January 2003 to January 2006, received such a rebate. In 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo asked town and city mayors to reduce the entertainment tax but only few of them did. 5][42] In order to build up and stimulate the film industry, some Congressmen and Senators recently have authored a number of proposals and legislations pending ratification by the Philippine Congress. Many of the bills seek to ease the multiple taxes on producers, theater operators and patrons. One of the bills, for instance, proposes to exempt from the 30-percent amusement tax on all locally produced movies classified by regulators as for general patronage or parental guidance-13. Another bill seeks to exempt local producers from the 12-percent value-added tax (VAT) on imported filmmaking raw materials and equipment. [1][43][44] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cinema Of The Philippines" essay for you Create order

Analysis Of The Human Struggle In Native Guard And Heart...

Throughout its history, humanity has struggled to thrive in the face of the unstoppable forces of evil, nature, and its own mortality. When examining the history of humanity and considering its achievements, it is tempting to imagine that humans have achieved much as a species, that they have made progress against the forces gathered in opposition to them. However, when the cost is revealed, when the human life paid in the name of that meager progress is counted, the results seem to pale in comparison. The graves of the dead serve as a monument to this grim reality; humanity’s efforts to combat the advance of human evil, nature, and death are in vain. Both Natasha Trethewey and Joseph Conrad examine the futility of the human struggle in†¦show more content†¦In the poem â€Å"Elegy for the Native Guards,† Trethewey states that there are â€Å"no names carved for the Native Guards— 2nd Regiment, Union men, black phalanx. What is monument to their legacy?à ¢â‚¬  (Trethewey 44). They receive no honorable grave. They receive the most barbaric of burial rites, doomed to have â€Å"fish dart among their bones† (Trethewey 44). The bodies of the native guard are cast out of sight into the ocean, neglected in an attempt to forget the evils committed against them. Their forgotten and neglected grave symbolizes the futility of fighting against the racism of America, as well as the futility in concealing it; even when man has destroyed all other evidence, the bones remain to testify to the past and remind the visitors that no change has been made in the present. Humanity’s discomfort with its past atrocities can never become powerful enough to overcome the reminder represented by the graves of the fallen. Despite its efforts to conceal its evil, the graves of the fallen Native Guard remind humanity that the past can never be defeated and hidden.When Trethaway visits her mother’s grave in the poem â€Å"Monument,† sh e notes the ants digging up the earth in which her mother is buried. She remarks that the grave and the ant mound serve as â€Å"a reminder of what [she] hasn’t done. Even now the mound is a blister on [her] heart, a red and humming swarm† (Trethewey 43). TheShow MoreRelatedA Passage Of India And The Relations Of Power10531 Words   |  43 Pages The issue of Self-displacement of the British colonial characters in the colonised Indian peripheries reveals the nature of the power relations in dominating the Other (the Indians). Based on the Oriental discourse, this section highlights the struggle of the subjugated inferior Other in approving its identity and diminishing the British stereotypical inferior images and apathy in portraying their culture. 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Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction The report herein revolves around the Australias leading chain of retailer, Wesfarmers. It is an Australian conglomerate formed in 1914 having its headquarters in Perth, Western Australia. The companys interests lie predominately in serving Australia and New Zealand retail sector and also in chemicals, coal mining, fertilizers and industrial along with its safety products. Soon after it transformed into a public company, Wesfarmers diversified its interests by acquiring other businesses like purchase of Coles Group retail business, home improvement and office supplies and restructure of its departments stores (Garrow, Ford and Valentine, 2012). Target Australia Pty Ltd is one of the departmental store chain in Australia owned by Wesfarmers. It operates 183 Target stores and has about 125 Target country stores employing approximately 24,000 staff members. The ensuing paragraphs discuss the Wesfarmers Target scandal that took the retail world by storm and has had an impact on the companys CSR accountability. Furthermore, a descriptive analysis is done to reveal the effect of scandal on Wesfarmers. Business Accountability is reflected through firms actions towards CSR and overall sustainability operations Accountability is the onus borne either by an individual or a department for specific performance of function in an organization. Accountability is answerability to ones action and encompassing the obligation to report, explaining and being answerable to the consequences. Industries are accountable to a much wider group of stakeholders and taking actions that meet the expectations of stakeholders, and the company is answerable for its actions. Wherein such actions are associated with environmental or social needs then such accountability results in creation of value for CSR. CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept that is gaining dominance in business reporting aspect. CSR is a running concept wherein the companies integrate between social-environmental concept and its business operations along-with its interactions with its stakeholders on a voluntary basis (Kerr, 2000). As per the International Organization for Standardizations guidance Standard on Social Responsibility, ISO 26000 proclaims that the relationship with the society and environment in which it operates holds critical significance for functioning effectively. It is of paramount importance because of the fact that it helps in measuring the overall performance. It emphasizes the transparency and ethical behaviour, which further: Takes into consideration the value of stakeholders. Contributes to the sustainable development to incorporate the concerns of health and welfare of society. It abides and complies with the relevant laws and is in consistency with the international behavioural norms (Richardson, 2009). It is grasped across the organizations and being practiced in its relationships. Wesfarmers CSR policy states, ensuring long term creation of value further committing proactively towards managing its community and reducing the environmental impact. The creation of value for the stakeholders has been followed by Wesfarmers over a century. The company establishes long-term creation of value as it has played a positive role in serving its communities the right way (Naude and et.al., 2014). They are able to operate their business in accordance to the 10 community and environment principles that are associated with the five areas i.e.: people, community, sourcing, governance and environmental. The company aims at fulfilling the needs of its customers by offering different goods and services in a more competitive and professional manner. It also proactively responds to the attitudes and expectations of the communities wherein the company operates. Furthermore, a strong emphasize is placed by the company on safeguarding and minimizing environmental impact. In regards to its corporate governance the company aims at maintaining a robust corporate governance policy for its entire business (Cacioppe, Forster and Fox, 2008). The following graph shows the business CSR rating that are on the basis of its activities: Wesfarmers has diverse business operations spread across Australia and New Zealand having the largest base of employers with approximately 220,000 and 530,000 shareholders in private sector. The company has been incorporated and dwelling in Australia with its successful listing on Australian Securities Exchange. The basic objective pursued by Wesfarmers is to deliver satisfactory returns to its shareholders. CSR Scandal The retailing Giant Wesfarmers was alarmed to find an accounting probe, which indicated towards Targets income that had been inflated by Australian $21 million in last 6 months of 2015. The Perth-based Conglomerate set forth an investigation along with its auditors revealing the $18.1 million worth of solicited rebates in past activities and subsequently enhancing the base of its product through negotiation with its 31 suppliers that just did not go in tune with the companys overall accounting policies or its operational standards (Sujan and Abeysekera, 2007). Wesfarmers Richard Goyder, the Managing Director of the company, sought out the issue disclosing that $18.1 million worth of supplier rebates had been artificially inflated in Targets half-year earnings and over 10 staff member were a part of this collusion. Target had reported before-tax earnings equalling to $75million for six years, which was 5.7% higher than the previous year earnings. However, in the detailed investigation it was revealed that Target EBIT would amount to $53 million if it had not come into rebate arrangement resulting in $21 million inflation. The company as well as the Auditors are also held responsible for not undertaking their job role in a more serious manner. Apart from the Accounting scam, the various allegations have the potential to damage the companys reputation and standing of a blue-chip organization and holding their corporate culture sincerely (Gustavson, 2008). The allegations proved right goes onto reflecting the companys own operating model. The industry observers saw that the poor management decision and a lack in undertaking leadership roles in the business led to the culmination of the blow turning out into a scandal (Tait and Loosemore, 2012). Mindblowingly stupid is the phrase that is used by Richard Goyder to describe the actions of employees involved in the accounting scandal. Wesfarmers led to a swift and comprehensive investigation to disclose the facts against the scandal. Wesfarmers investigation, conducted alongside its external auditors Ernst Young examining over 10,000 emails and interviewing the employees, revealed that one of its subsidiaries Target staff augmented its chains earnings by getting into false arrangements with its suppliers to reserve extra rebates (Kerr, 2000). Letters evidencing the offering of price hike had been concealed by Target from Wesfarmers and their auditors. Though the company has undertaken major steps towards maintaining its accountability still one of its subsidiaries Target got caught for inflating the store earnings resulting into a dreadful scandal. Though the scandal draws minimal impact on the figures of Wesfarmers, the scandal indeed brought shocking waves among stockholders. At the group level it can be seen that the financial impact has not been so relevant as the EAT (Earning after tax) assessed at $15 million or overall lowering of 1.1% than what is reported and is in line with corresponding previous year. However, there is a serious concern for the company as amount holds no material importance but the actions as well as the reputational damage do. The story headline has resulted increation of a due impact towards damaging the companies share prices and also towards the cost executive regarding the bonuses as well as job responsibilities (Naude and et.al., 2014). The companys shareholders as well as the analysts have stated that the accounting scandal at Target has highlighted the poor performance of mid-market retailer due to which the earnings shall get affected over the coming years. Thus, a greater moral is reflected through the entire scandal that showcases the fundamental significance of accounting and that it plays a pivotal role in safeguarding corporate reputation. The implications drawn out by the company as a consequence to the results of the investigation revealing its scandal are: Soon after the investigation results were presented Stuart Machin who was the Managing director and Graeme Jenkins who was the finance director resigned from their respective posts. Targets another director Mr. Richard Jones had also announced its resignation before Easter (Garrow, Ford and Valentine, 2012). 10 people were allegedly claimed to be involved within the arrangements that were conducted with the suppliers. Target is currently working with its supplier to unwind the arrangements. Mr. Goyder had indicated towards the damage to the corporate reputation of Wesfarmers. Mr. Geoff Dart, the retail analyst, was given the then control of Target to deliver value propositions. Further new management team led by Guy Russo Kmart boss (another department of Wesfarmers) overtook the actions reinforcing the complied accounting rules and the companys authentic governance policies (Akbar and Ahsan, 2014). By relocating Target head office in nearby West of Melbourne to attract people, it intends to get in tune with its business. Shares of Wesfarmers at the close were presented from 31 cents to $40.02. Further, the step of appointing Russo to oversee its brand is the most worthy decision as this will lead towards establishment of changes in senior personnel of Wesfarmers, Target along with the formulation of new strategies that will lead towards combating the consequences of scam. The introduction of new revenue standards that are due to come into effect from 2018 is likely to be more prescriptive on how and when the revenues are gained it is to be reserved (Kent and Zunker, 2013). Recommendations The dire needs for stating the disciplinary actions have not yet been specified by Wesfarmers so far. Though they have declared that appropriate action shall be taken but a clear mentioning of the same has not been made which leaves a question of doubt among its shareholders that whether or not the company will abide by its stringent policies and governance practices (Cacioppe, Forster and Fox, 2008). Thus, I recommend the company to state in clear the actions it is likely to take against those involved in the scandal. Wesfarmers is required to encourage and adhere to the strong culture of managing which assures a long-term sustainable growth in a short span gain that needs to be reinforced by the companys board guiding their behaviours in right direction. In respect of this, I suggest that the pressure must be imposed upon the company to tighten their rules and regulations over the autonomy provided to its executives and its accounting team, who hold the responsibility across the businesses. Moreover, a larger responsibility flows down to the external auditors who are required to check onto their clients figures more meticulously (Richardson, 2009). The Managing director Richard Goyder, must undertake serious steps to reassure that its investors as well as the regulators that the act of stupidity was a solitary event and is not in any manner reflecting the cultural and compliance problems at the Australias Largest retailing chain. Conclusion It can be articulated from this report that the scandal endured by Wesfarmers showcases the poor performance and lack of exhibiting its leadership roles in correct manner. The scandal has opened the eyes of Wesfarmers as well as the external auditors to hold corporate accountability at utmost positioning to drive sustainability and ensuring compliance of companies culture and governance. References Akbar, S. and Ahsan, K., 2014. Analysis of corporate social disclosure practices of Australian retail firms.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting.6(4).pp.375-396. Ball, F., Tyler, J. and Wells, P., 2015. Is audit quality impacted by auditor relationships?.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics.11(2).pp.166-181. Cacioppe, R., Forster, N. and Fox, M., 2008.A survey of managers perceptions of corporate ethics and social responsibility and actions that may affect companies success.Journal of business ethics.82(3).pp.681-700. Garrow, N.S., Ford, G. and Valentine, T., 2012. Corporate Acquisitions in Australia.Journal of Applied Research in Accounting and Finance (JARAF).7(1).pp.2-12. Gustavson, R., 2008. Australia: practices and experiences.S. Idowu W. Filho (Eds.), Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility.pp.463-496. Improve a companys sustainability performance. 2016. [Online]. Available from: https://www.csrhub.com/CSR_and_sustainability_information/WESFARMERS- LIMITED/. [Accessed on 29th September 2016]. ISO 26000 - Social responsibility, n.d. [Online]. Available from: https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/publication_item.htm?pid=PUB100259. [Accessed on 29th September 2016]. Kent, P. and Zunker, T., 2013. Attaining legitimacy by employee information in annual reports.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(7), pp.1072-1106. Kerr, M., 2000.Environmental responsibility and the corporate sector.Habitat Australia.28(3), p.29. Low, C., 2016. Target could cut up to 25 per cent of Geelong head office staff. The Sydney Morning Herald. [Online]. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/target-could-cut-up-to-25-per-cent-of-geelong-head-office-staff-20160413-go57d5.html. [Accessed on 29th September 2016]. Mitchell, S., 2016. Wesfarmers auditors assist in Target supplier probe. The Sydney Morning Herald. [Online]. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/wesfarmers-auditors-assist-in-target-supplier-probe-20160331-gnv1ka.html. [Accessed on 29th September 2016]. Mitchell, S., 2016. Wesfarmers takes action against staff over Target rebates. The Sydney Morning Herald. [Online]. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/wesfarmers-takes-action-against-staff-over-target-rebates-20160411-go3il5.html. [Accessed on 29th September 2016]. Naude, M.and et.al., 2014. Stakeholder engagement and sustainable corporate community investment.Business Strategy and the Environment.23(7). pp.461-474. Parker, J., 2016. Target accounting scandal: Wesfarmers taking action against staff. ABC News. [Online]. Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-11/wesfarmers-taking-action-over-target-accounting-scandal/7317178. [Accessed on 29th September 2016]. Richardson, B.J., 2009. Can socially responsible investment provide a means of environmental regulation.Monash UL Rev.35.pp.262. Rodrigues, M.J. and James, K., 2011.Commercial and implementation issues relating to the widespread acceptance and adoption of radio frequency identification technology(pp. 11-22).InTech Europe. Sujan, A. and Abeysekera, I., 2007. Intellectual capital reporting practices of the top Australian firms.Australian Accounting Review.17(42).pp.71-83. Tait, P. and Loosemore, M., 2012.The Corporate Governance of Australian Listed Construction Companies.Construction Economics and Building.9(2).pp.7-16.

International trade

Introduction In the recent past, international trade has grown over to become an integral part of economy of any country. Imports and exports constitute the international trade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A country that has more imports than exports is referred to as a net importer while one that has more exports than imports is referred to as a net exporter (Colander, 2010). This paper answers some questions about surplus imports in the US, effects of international trade on GDP, effects of government actions on tariffs on international trade and relations, and foreign exchange. Import surplus in the United States of America have several effects, both on the economy as a whole and on the businesses in the country. Imports surplus in the US means that there are fewer jobs for the American citizens since their domestic production is less due to more imports than exports. This also means that the country is entering into debt in order to have a surplus imports. The countries trading with the US usually lend it money whenever the imports are higher than the exports and this is detrimental to the US economy. Some of the products that the US runs a surplus imports are oil, motor vehicles, and consumer products and electronics. The excess of the production by the GDP will be exported to the international market (Colander, 2010). However, if a country is a net importer, international trade may be detrimental to it, since it will make the country borrow in order to trade and this has a negative effect on the economy. If a country is a net exporter, the domestic markets will be boosted to produce more and import less while the vice versa is true. International trade has also beneficial effects to the university students. This is because most university students see an opportunity to export their skills once they graduate from university. Inter national trade therefore provides employment and innovation avenues to the university students who may otherwise lack jobs within their native countries. Government choices in terms of tariffs and quotas In order to manage their economies, governments will enact some rules and regulations aimed at protecting their country’s GDP if it’s a net importer, or enhancing its GNP if it’s a net exporter. In achieving this, most governments enact some policies and guidelines in form of tariffs and import quotas (Wendy Colin, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Trade tariffs are put in place in order to safeguard the domestic markets from the would-be exporters from other countries. This is done mainly to protect domestic products through ensuring that they are consumed locally. Trade tariffs and quotas therefore put stringent requirements for importing some pr oducts that it becomes almost impossible for a country to export a product into the other country. In doing so, it boosts the GDP since local products are consumed locally. These choices on tariffs and quotas also put a strenuous relationship between countries because as a country enacts macro-economic policies to protect and boost its economy, it always does at the expense of its trade partners. Foreign Exchange Foreign exchange, always denoted as ‘forex’, is simply the conversion of one currency to another. This happens because different countries have different currencies and therefore, there is a need to attach a value of a particular currency in relation to the other currency. This occurs by the use of foreign currency rates which are defined as the exchange rates (Colander, 2010). Foreign exchange occurs on different accounts. First, when a person is trading in a foreign denominated currency, he/she needs to convert the currency he holds to the acceptable legal te nder in the trading country. Foreign exchange is also used to help a country to stabilize its own currency through buying and selling foreign currency reserves. This is done through buying or selling foreign currencies such as the pounds, yen, and buying dollars. The country may also buy dollars in order keep foreign currency reserves. Foreign exchange usually happens in commercial banks where a person holding any form of currency goes to the bureau de change in order to sell or buy another currency. These foreign exchange bureaus usually set an exchange rate to be used. The exchange rates are usually determined based on the purchasing power of a currency at a given time. America cannot restrict all goods coming from China because of several reasons. First, products exported from China to the US are not wholly manufactured in China. China, in addition to manufacturing and exporting, also acts as an assembly point for many Asian products and blocking all imports from China would virt ually block much of the imports from other countries as well. This would be detrimental to the relationship that the US has with the Asian countries. The US cannot minimize the imports coming from other countries because it needs trading partners where it also needs to export. The only way to maintain this relationship is also accepting to import some goods which are produced by other countries which have a comparative advantage over the US.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Colander, C. (2010). Macroeconomics. New York: McGraw Hill. Wendy, C., Colin, M. (2003). Journal of Financial Economics. London: Elseiver. This essay on International trade was written and submitted by user Kevin Randall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. International trade Introduction Nations all over the world strive to achieve stable economies through legislation of various policies. They do so in the attempt to woe investors to participate in activities that will develop and expand their operations. There is no country in the world that can exist without relying on foreign investors and foreign trading activities (Ilmanen, 2011, 33).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is due to the disparities in nature and amount of endowments in these countries. Exchange rate is an essential financial aspect that determines the level of a country’s participation in international trade. There are several factors that nations undertake which determine their exchange rates as evident in this essay. Definition Exchange rate is the value at which the currency of a country measures against the currencies of other countries. All countries in the word have exchange rates they use to determine the value of goods from other countries (Sarno and Taylor 2003, 11). This rate enables traders to know the value of their goods in the international market. How States Influence Exchange Rates Even though, a nation does not have an absolute right of deciding or fixing the rate at which its currency exchanges with those of other countries, there are some extents to which a state can determine these rates. These are steps a nation takes to ensure the exchange rate favours both local and foreign trading activities. Therefore, importation and exportation of goods and services ensures consumers and traders get a fair deal for their money and investments respectively. Political Stability Peace is an indispensable factor that promotes trading activities all over the world. Nations that strive to maintain peace within and outside their boundaries enjoy an influx of investors. This means that not only their investments are secure but als o their lives are saved. No one will ever wish to invest in a war prone country regardless of the profits the investor will get. However, countries that encounter civil strife discourage investors (Weither, 2006, 20). Their goods and services do not attract international demand; as a result, their value depreciates. Therefore, the more a government strives to maintain peace within and outside its territories, the higher the chances of enjoying favourable exchange rates. Growth Potential Investors are usually looking for countries that offer potentials of economic growth. Nations coming out of prolonged civil conflicts due to poor governance, those that have unexploited resources and those that open their boundaries to foreign trade, attract investors (Jha, 2011, 47). Some African countries are enjoying favourable exchange rates as a result of restructuring their government systems and assuming responsible leadership.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's se e if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They have demand for modern technology, expertise and investments. This demand makes their currencies fetch high prices in the international market. Therefore, their exchange rates compete effectively with other currencies. The more a country offers investment opportunities to foreign investors, the better its exchange rate ranks. Balance of Trade It is not enough for a country to participate in international trade. However, nations should ensure there is a positive relationship between the volume and value of exports and imports (Ilmanen, 2011, 54). This situation has significant influence on a nation’s exchange rate. The more a country exports, the lower the exchange rate of its currency compared to other nations. Therefore, nations should ensure they export more goods than what they import. This means they participate in productive international trade that raises the value of their currencies. Stat e’s Debts Even though, most nations can not survive without relying on international bodies like the World Bank, for financial assistance, it is better for them to borrow as little as possible. The higher the amount of debts a nation has from global organisations or other nations, the higher her currency exchanges with those of other countries. This leads to an unfavourable exchange rate since the country is not economically independent (Schofield and Bowler, 2011, 96). However, countries with fewer debts have a strong command on international trade activities, and thus their currencies have high values. Therefore, to have favourable exchange rates nations must borrow as little as possible from other nations or international organisations. Interest Rates Investors expect high returns on their investments regardless of the risks involved. Foreign investors look for nations that offer high rates on investments in order to cater for operational costs and gain profits. Nations th at offer high interest rates on investments have without doubt attracted many investors. Competitions among investors become inevitable leading to high value for the limited currency of these nations (Clark, 2011, 33). However, countries that offer peanuts to investors discourage them leading to depreciation of the value of their currencies. Therefore, the higher nations offer returns on investments, the more the values of their currencies are appreciated.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Most nations find international trade a one sided activity due to high exchange rates that do not favour them. However, from the above discussion it is clear that such nations can influence the value of their currencies in international markets. Nations should strive to achieve conditions that facilitate foreign and local investments to stand high chances of favoura ble exchange rates. References Clark, I. (2011). Foreign Exchange Option Pricing: A Practitioners Guide (The Wiley  Finance Series). New York: Wiley. Ilmanen, A. (2011). Expected Returns: An Investor’s Guide to Harvesting Market  Rewards (The Wiley Finance Series). New York: Wiley. Jha, S. (2011). Interest Rate Markets: A Practical Approach to Fixed Income (Wiley  Trading). New York: Wiley. Sarno, L. and Taylor, M. P. (2003). The Economics of Exchange Rates. New York: Cambridge University Press. Schofield, N. and Bowler, T. (2011). Trading the Fixed Income, Inflation and Credit  Markets: A Relative Value Guide. New York: Wiley. Weither, T. (2006). Foreign Exchange: A Practical Guide to the FX Markets (Wiley  Finance). New York: Wiley.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on International trade was written and submitted by user Jaden Santos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. International trade Major events in the world have triggered international marketing and globalization. According to Goldin, Reinert and World Bank (21), there are three major stages of international marketing and globalization. The first stage started in 1870 and ended in 1914 as a result of the First World War.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second stage started after the end of Second World War and ended during the1970s. The third stage started after the end of the second stage and has continued up to the present moment. In most widely accepted definitions, globalization has been largely equated to the influence of international business and trade among various economies. As a matter of fact, the impact of globalization has been immensely felt when importing and exporting goods and services more than in socio-political life. Consequently, the world has become a global village since operations across the world have been decentralized. For instance, exporting companies have assumed the operations of international marketing in the same way as it is the case for local businesses. In other words, their competitors are located in oversees countries as compared to local rivals for local companies. There are a number of techniques used by international companies to be successful and especially those which export and import goods and services. This paper succinctly explores the concept of international trade and exporting business using Crystal International Corp. as case study. Crystal International Corporation This is an exporting company dealing with distribution services and freight forwarding. The company is based in New Orleans, Los Angeles, United States of America. It is well versed with matters of export management and consolidations. The company has so far made great in-roads since its inception and has already completed a number of transaction s in international trade. Moreover, Crystal International Corporation has been noted to be making more than six transactions in a year in exporting business. Some of the products that are currently exported include snacks, grocery products and specialty foods. As will be discussed, the company uses a number of techniques to win the international market and make profits. Among others, it has applied effective competitive analysis and capitalized on the strengths that it has and building strong mechanisms to counter the weaknesses and threats. International trade and Crystal International Corporation As noted earlier, the concept of international trade can be compared to globalization. Globalization refers to bringing international issues, especially in management together. International trade refers to exchange of goods and services internationally. International trade as a form of globalization was triggered by developments in major areas such as technology.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the development of railroads and steam engines was important in connecting various countries together. According to Key (5), international trade cannot be excluded in discussion of imports and exports. This is because traditional concept of international trade had movement of goods and services to and from a country and crossing of a country border. In essence, the classification of international trade is mentioned in exporting and importing of goods and services. However, the present concept of international trade has encompassed more than just making goods and services cross the border. For example, international relations and part of diplomacy issues have been equated to globalization. Since diplomacy and international relations have relations with export of ideas, it can be said that they form part of international trade. The only differentiatio n is that the real concept of international trade involves profitability of a company. Movements of labor and capital contribute to the concept of globalization. The two have helped in increasing capital flows in various nations, and the most benefiting nation being the United States of America. There are various benefits that can be drawn from globalization and international trade. For example, countries can produce goods which may have costs which are of lower opportunity costs. Also, it is possible to increase competition which can lower the prices for customers. In open economies, globalization and international trade can help in increasing advancement in technology as well as its innovation. Crystal International Corporation deals with international business. Specifically, the company deals with exporting of manufactured goods to other countries. It is considered as an international company because it has established itself in more than one country. It is based in America but h ad to move out and established itself in more than 70 countries. This means that its competition is not confined locally; rather, its competitors can also found in other countries. The company deals in exportation of household items and a few of electronics. It has managers who are fully qualified in matters of exporting and importation, and more so international trade. The biggest help has come from the commerce department departments and programs that help in understanding of international market. As would be analyzed, some of the programs that are used in making greater depths in the international market are like carrying out marketing research and application of modern forms of marketing techniques. These techniques have made to place the company in a good position in the international market to compete.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This company us es direct and indirect forms of exporting its goods and services. In this kind of business, the management of the company must consider the degree of control the company has in the competitive market. The company must also be ready to seize opportunities that present themselves in the market. This is the kind of marketing strategies and operations in the international trade that Crystal International Corp applies in the competitive market. On daily basis, the company strides to be bigger by day because the bigger the company or brand image, the bigger the possibilities of winning in the market. This company is big enough because it is already in more than 70 countries in the world. The management of this company is also highly qualified and therefore the possibilities of covering more grounds are very high. The following discussion looks at a number of strategies that this company has used to make impacts in the market. Marketing strategies for Crystal International Corporation Anal ysis of competition According to Doole and Lowe (236), a company that moves into the market without first analyzing the kind of competition in existence risks making huge losses. This is because looking at the outside of the market may not tell a lot about the strengths and weaknesses of existing companies in the market. This is one of the strengths of Crystal International Corporation, where, it has to first analyze its competitors before moving to new markets. Crystal International Corp deals with direct and indirect forms of exportation which need a lot of international trade skills and mostly on competition to succeed. This company has a number of competitors in international marketing/trade, and especially in exportation of goods and services. The biggest competitors are like, American Chung Nam, Weyerhaeuser, Du Pont, and Cargill among others. Even though these companies have been identified as not specifically dealing with the business of household items as Crystal Internatio nal Corp, they nevertheless form part of a big competition cycle. Carrying of situational researches Research is a very useful tool in management of any kind of business, and mostly in international trade (Botto 104). This is because researches establish the need to move into the business. A situation research is capable of establishing whether the company and its products and services can be accepted in a particular market. It has a great economic impact because the company makes to plan well. This is one of the strategies that this company has managed to employ effectively. Situational researches as applicable in this company help in establishing the suitability of moving its products in the new markets. Even where some products may not be needed in particular country due to issues such as culture, this company has made to modify and customize for the purposes of acceptance.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More High technological ad advancement and use Technology can never be ignored when considering quality of goods and services. That has been recognized as the issue dividing successful and unsuccessful organizations and institutions. According to Boone and Kurtz (340), compromising quality in management and movement of goods and services due to failure in use of technology is just writing off the company. Crystal International Corp has established itself as one of the companies in the world in exportation of household items. High use of innovations and especially by utilization of technology has been argued to be the reason behind the successes in this company. Technology as used in this company has enabled to always improve on quality and level of production for this company. Therefore, this company is able to give high goods in terms of quality as well as mass production to manage competition. Inherent challenges Even though this company has widely developed its network in internationa l trade and especially in exportation, there are numerous challenges that it has been facing. However, these challenges have not managed to pull down its relevance in international business. Instead, it has made the company grow by leaps and bounds. Firstly, it is recognized that the company competes with companies which have covered lots of ground and are big in size and production. This company has faced lots of logistical challenges and some contractual issues. As well, international trade and more so in exportation business require a lot of resources which should be added regularly. Being a small company as compared to others which came before it, the company has had to cope with the fact that it does not have huge resources. The presence of these challenges in this company has not managed to deter success; though in small ways. Rather, some of these have only made the company cover more grounds in the market. Product life cycle in this company Product life cycle is a concept of management and refers to use of succession strategies when a product is moving through a life cycle. According to Stark (234), even products must move in stages, the same way human beings are born, and pass through some various stages before they finally die. Crystal International Corp utilizes all of the life cycle strategies for its product. Mostly, this is done from the point the raw materials are introduced in the company and finally getting to the final customers. When the raw materials for the household goods are entering the company, they have to be verified and must be bought in mass to ensure that cost is brought down. The next stage is to maximize the raw materials during the production of the household items and afterwards there is additional of values after their production before they get into the market. Effective marketing strategies are highly applied to make sure that the value of the products is passed to the right customers/final users. Conclusion Due to globaliz ation, trade has broken the tight physical borders that used to exist earlier on. Most successful companies in the world are those that have wider marketing base and possibly engaging in international trade. These are companies which have established themselves in overseas locations other than their countries of origin. In international trade, the strategies used in marketing are not the same as when a company is dealing with local competitors. The latter is mainly attributed to the fact that other countries may have different cultures as compared to local culture. For this therefore, any company must first carry out initial assessments in analyzing competition and readiness of the market. This paper has analyzed strategies used in international trade in order to wrestle with market competition. In addition, the paper has discussed Crystal International Corp; an international company dealing with exportation of household goods alongside other varieties of assortment goods. The paper has also focused on the strategies that have been put in place by the company in order to improve profitability. Finally, operational challenges that have been faced by the company in international trade have also been explored. Works Cited Boone, Louis Kurtz, David. Contemporary Business. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc, 2010.Print. Botto, Mercedes. Research and International trade policy negotiations: Knowledge and power in Latin America. New York: Taylor Francis, 2009.Print. Doole, Isobel Lowe, Robin. International marketing strategy: Analysis, development and implementation. Belmont: CengageBrain Learning, 2008.Print. Goldin Ian, Reinert, Kenneth World Bank. Globalization for development: Trade, finance, aid, migration, and policy. Washington. DC: World Bank Publications, Inc, 2006. Print. Key, Clement M. Principles of classification: Export and Import. Mooresville: Trafford Publishing, 2004.Print. Stark, John. Product lifecycle management: 21st century paradigm for product realization. London: Springer Verlag, 2011.Print. This assessment on International trade was written and submitted by user Puff Adder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. International Trade